Poultry provides rich organic manure and is an important source of income and employment to millions of farmers and other persons engaged in allied activities in the poultry industry. Chicken is the most widely accepted meat in India. Unlike beef or pork, it does not have a religious taboo. The prices of chicken meat is cheap than those of mutton or goat meat. Many Indian families, particularly the educated people in urban areas, have begun to accept eggs as a regular supplemental part of their vegetarian diet.
The forecast surveys indicate that as the present younger generation goes to the adulthood, the acceptability and demand for eggs and chicken meat in next decades is likely to increase many-folds very rapidly. Table egg production is estimated to have increased from 30 billion eggs in to 66 billion eggs in with per capita egg consumption increasing from 28 to 55 eggs during that period. The healthy growth in poultry output over last decade makes India one of the fastest growing major world market in the segment, said ICRA in the report.
In calendar year, the second half was a tough year for the industry due to an increase in production costs with feed ingredients touching record highs and realizations suffering on back of oversupply in industry.
This has become increasingly important as the industry faces rising demand and higher costs. Poultry Trends contains both regional and global statistics on poultry meat and eggs, covering production, consumption, trade, and the leading poultry producers and feed manufacturers worldwide. The factors that can cause the demand curve to shift outward are: 1 increases in income; 2 increases in the price of poultry substitutes such as pork or beef; 3 increases in the preference for poultry; and 4 decreases in the price of poultry complements.
The move from free-ranging to confined poultry operations dramatically increased the number of birds that one farmer could manage. However, prices are expected to rise as a result of the rising price of maize.
Between the s and the s, real prices of poultry declined at a rate of 3 percent per year. It is important to note that there was an increase in poultry prices between and , which could be attributed to a reduction in export supplies caused by several outbreaks of H5N1 HPAI. The Russian Federation dominates in terms of broiler imports, followed by Japan and the European Union.
Brazil and the United States of America dominate in terms of broiler exports. China is emerging as an active broiler exporter. More precisely, they influence the relative competitiveness of producers and production systems in supplying the rising demand for poultry products, particularly in international markets Costless et al.
Food control and certification systems must be of a high standard. In addition to the health and safety standards and regulations agreed by international bodies such as the World Organ 4. As of right now, feed cost is probably one of the most serious challenges for the industry.
He challenges faced by the poultry industry are high feed costs, inadequate cold chain and transportation infrastructure, high vulnerability to disease outbreaks and highly volatile realizations affecting cash flows, according to ICRA. Several factors can restrict the use and application of a vaccine, such as the epidemiological situation, cost-benefit analysis, availability of the vaccine, and governmental regulations.
Furthermore, the following points should be considered in order to finalize the vaccination program. As a general role, adequate immunity is an obligatory need in order to manage infectious pressure on the farm, thus providing proper vaccination programs for disease control is essential to ensure the health status of poultry. Finally, the quality of the vaccine is affected by the number of antigens, poor storage conditions, improper handling, and administration 38 , The application of technologies in vaccination production, such as subunits, reverse genetics, recombinants, and nucleic acid vaccines, can considerably decrease the cost of vaccination, guarantee high efficacy, and permit rapid and easy intercession to face the fixed mutation of the microbiota.
Likewise, improvement in vaccine efficiency against bacterial infections will permit a decrease in the application of antibiotics and, consequently, a reduction in antibiotic-resistant bacteria 50 , 54 , Failure to appropriately vaccinate animals can cause a substantial reduction in poultry breeding, particularly for parental stocks; parental levels should be given considerable attention because they can directly affect maternal antibody production and transfer of passive immunity. Breeding companies should re-evaluate vaccination programs, hygiene, and biosecurity to exploit the benefits of the immune-related lesson learned from the COVID pandemic in the absence of vaccines.
The application of selection programs to enhance health and production performance remains a long-lasting objective of the poultry industry. Shortages in the poultry industry include poor husbandry and management practices, improper nutrition and infrastructure, and above all different deadly emerging diseases that can cause enormous economic damages The desire to augment breeding strategies by using molecular methods genetic linkage maps will lead to the characterization of genes and genome structures that are connected with production performance, disease control, and disease tolerance.
This eventuality will allow the selection of lines that are genetically tolerant to some pathogens. Additionally, enhancement of poultry management, husbandry, nutrition, and rearing will help to sustain their comfort and welfare.
Viral diseases such as Marek's disease, Newcastle disease, avian influenza, and bacterial diseases like salmonellosis, pasteurellosis, and colibacillosis are economic diseases that cause high mortality and morbidity These diseases are candidates for the application of biotechnology tools for the selection of disease resistance 54 , Recent evidence has revealed that selection for disease resistance is a more successful endeavor compared with the use of vaccines or drug treatments for disease control in poultry Diversity in genetic material, the immune reaction by the host animal, and the transcriptome can be employed to identify resistant genes for disease prevention.
Disease resistance genes are those that encode antibodies, microRNA, and other materials that assist the host in fighting the damage caused by pathogens. Research has shown that single nucleotide polymorphisms and other candidate genes are useful tools to promote disease resistance in chickens.
This eventuality would decrease drug abuse and drug residues in the food chain. Thus, a good understanding of disease-resistance genes is essential. In addition, disease resistance breeding involves approaches such as genetic markers and indicator traits that can be applied for disease selection.
The success of any program for disease regulation depends on hygiene, applying the proper farm sanitation, vaccination programs, and appropriate education programs for poultry farmers 2. Besides, useful education programs should be employed to markedly raise public awareness about the essential measurements required to safeguard against zoonotic diseases So far, continuous education and training programs for poultry farmers have been very successful.
They have enhanced and updated workers', owners', and staff members' knowledge and should continue to be employed and developed. The lessons learned from the COVID pandemic indicate that public knowledge and educational levels are very important tools in public health protections and zoonosis transmission and control.
These educational programs can be summarized in the following:. The health of poultry farmers, Zoonotic disease control and prevention, laborers rights and welfare in poultry farms and plants. The target groups of these programs are Farm owners, workers, laborers, agriculturists, and veterinarians.
In general, the expected outcomes are improve basic knowledge and scientific background related to biosecurity and hygiene of poultry framing; refresh and update relevant individuals with recent information on poultry farming, processing plants, hatcheries and feed mill; cross-react; and improve the work environment and safety.
These education programs can positively impacted the industry, improved human wellbeing, and limited the loss in humans and animals Global collaboration and trade will cause governments throughout the world to synchronize their current legislation linked to the market, control of disease, poultry nutrition, and the drugs and vaccines licensing for veterinary practice, particularly after the COVID pandemic.
The consumer desire for high-quality poultry products will robustly affect production practices. Hence, stockholders, veterinarians, farmers, and all other partners engaged in the chain of poultry industry should share more tasks and increase their cooperation.
Biosecurity, hygiene, immunity are front lines of defense, perhaps the greatest lesson we learned from the COVID pandemic. The poultry industry is to globally unify the health care system and biosecurity of the industry all one unit, and this lesson learned from COVID as world health is one unit.
Enhance protections, prevention, and control program in poultry farms. Assure product quality and imposed new programs to prevent zoonotic disease transmission. Improve the innate animal immunity as the frontline of disease prevention and control. They were imposing strict regulations for Animal biosecurity and hygienic condition and Zoonotic diseases. Improve protections, prevention, and control disease program in poultry farms. The emerging disease should give maximum attention.
Unify and regulate global animal and poultry movement and trade of domestic and wild animals. Considering poultry labors are frontline workers and are vitally important, not disposable, and supported them with all necessary protections such as physical and financial health to establish vital and cost-effective measures.
This strategy included improving the educational background of workers through continuing education and training programs, improving biosecurity and hygienic measurements for poultrymen, slaughterhouses, and feed plants, and in farm biosecurity and hygiene. Strategically, the COVID pandemic has taught us that research must continue and be reoriented to discover new vaccines. For farms, fast and affordable diagnostic tools and supplementary methods to prevent diseases are urgently needed. The research and development in poultry disease identification and control should not be limited to currently known diseases.
It should be prospective and incorporate emerging zoonotic diseases that may require new vaccines for their control. Continuous education programs should be implemented at all levels of the poultry industry and must be renewed every three years. Implementing key measures will ensure that workers' financial stability and well-being is prioritized. All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Front Vet Sci v. Front Vet Sci. Published online Aug Hafez M. Youssef A. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Hafez ed. Attia as. This article was submitted to Animal Nutrition and Metabolism, a section of the journal Frontiers in Veterinary Science.
Received May 2; Accepted Jul 6. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice.
No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Poultry immunity, health, and production are several factors that challenge the future growth of the poultry industry. Introduction Disease control, high production, product quality, and reasonable production costs have been the recent main goals of the poultry industry.
Changes in Political and Social Conditions and Consumer Perceptions Food Safety Consumers' perspectives on the quality and safety of animal products are a continuous issue for the poultry industry and its strategic future 3 — 5. Antibiotic Resistance and Related Problems Antibiotic tolerance in humans and animals especially bacteria is now a common topic, and it is expected to be a continuous public health hazard 12 , Welfare of Poultry Currently, there is great concern about the welfare of animals, hygiene, and disease control that may result from great genetic pressure to boost egg and meat production.
The Movement of Poultry and Poultry Products Strong production competition and cost differences from around the world will affect the cost and global movement of poultry and its products.
Disease Diagnosis The diagnosis and treatment of poultry diseases are the most common tools to control and prevent disease transmission and spread 44 , 45 , Treatment For a long time, treatment of poultry diseases has been a very successful strategy for disease control, eradication, and prevention.
Disease Control The first line of infectious disease control is to prevent the introduction of disease and to prevent further spread via strict biosecurity, establishing and maintaining immunity, and vaccination. Table 1 Saudi Arabia meat and egg production compared with China, Brazil, and global meat ready to cock as well as egg number 3 , 4.
Open in a separate window. Immunity Pollutants, environmental, physical and physiological stress, depletion of ozone, and climate change have influenced and thus altered biological, physical, and immune functions of different animal species.
The Role of Nutrition Enhancing innate immunity is the frontline of disease prevention and control. Protein and Amino Acid Nutrition The relationship between nutrition and immunity for chickens is of vital importance from a quality and quantity point of view. Fats and Fatty Acids Essential fatty acids, principally n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, are essential for human and animal health and immunity. Minerals The immunological effects of minerals and their essential role in immunity and health are well-known 97 — Vitamins Vitamins boost animal and human immunity.
Immune Organs The two major avian immune system organs are the bursa of Fabricius associated with B cells and the thymus associated with T cells. Vaccination A vaccine is considered as one of the most helpful immune interventions due to its ability to encourage safeguard against infectious diseases through the targeted direction of the immune system Causes of Vaccine Breaks In most cases, the use of vaccination creates a false sense of biosecurity and hygiene. Genetic Resistance The application of selection programs to enhance health and production performance remains a long-lasting objective of the poultry industry.
Education Programs The success of any program for disease regulation depends on hygiene, applying the proper farm sanitation, vaccination programs, and appropriate education programs for poultry farmers 2. These educational programs can be summarized in the following: 1. Biosecurity and hygiene in poultry farming, and immunity and disease control 2.
Viral diseases and their threats and emerging diseases and their threat 3. The health of poultry farmers, Zoonotic disease control and prevention, laborers rights and welfare in poultry farms and plants 4. Basic poultry husbandry, behavior, and welfare 5. Poultry product quality and hygiene 6. A recent update on the poultry industry.
Conclusions Global collaboration and trade will cause governments throughout the world to synchronize their current legislation linked to the market, control of disease, poultry nutrition, and the drugs and vaccines licensing for veterinary practice, particularly after the COVID pandemic.
Author Contributions All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References 1. Advances in research on poultry and rabbit meat quality.
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Effect of n-3 fatty acids on immune function in broiler chickens. Conclusion There is usually a large impressive return on investments in poultry farming by concealing this analysis based on large scale poultry farming.
According to wealthresult. So if one has healthy layers of good breed, they are capable of reproducing chicks in 40 days. Also within the 21 days, the egg is hatched and within 28 weeks, they are ready for the market which means a farmer can start making his or her money in 34 weeks after setting up his poultry farms. What are the types of poultry farming? What is the importance of poultry? Poultry provide humans with companionship, food and fiber in the form of eggs, meat and feathers.
Many people love to raise and show chickens and other poultry species at fairs and other poultry shows. Others just love to raise them for backyard pets and for fresh eggs every day. What are 3 types of poultry? What are characteristics of poultry?
Behavioural characteristics Poultry are social, inquisitive animals with a strong territorial instinct. They put themselves to bed in the same spot every night and enjoy being with other birds. They should never be kept alone and form a clear pecking order or hierarchy within their group. What are the main nutrients in poultry? A variable but moderate energy content, highly digestible proteins with low levels of collagen of good nutritional quality, unsaturated lipids mainly found in the skin and easily removed , B- group vitamins mainly thiamin, vitamin B6, and pantothenic acid , and minerals like iron, zinc, and copper make poultry 6.
What are the parts of chicken? The basic external parts of a chicken include the comb, beak, wattles, ears, earlobes, eyes, eye rings, wings, tail, thighs, hocks, shanks, spurs, claws and toes.
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